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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuelson-Bedingung</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Als <b>Samuelson-Bedingung</b> (auch: <b>Samuelson-Musgrave-Bedingung</b>) bezeichnet man in der <a href="Mikro%C3%B6konomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroökonomik">mikroökonomischen</a> Theorie der <a href="Wirtschaftspolitik" title="Wirtschaftspolitik">Wirtschaftspolitik</a> eine Bedingung dafür, wann in einer Ökonomie <a href="%C3%96ffentliches_Gut" title="Öffentliches Gut">öffentliche Güter</a> effizient bereitgestellt werden. Dabei versteht man unter öffentlichen Gütern solche Güter, die zum einen von einer Vielzahl an Personen konsumiert werden können, ohne dass diese sich dabei gegenseitig behindern, und von deren Konsum zum anderen niemand ausgeschlossen werden kann. Die Samuelson-Bedingung besagt dann im einfachsten Fall einer Ökonomie mit zwei Gütern – einem privaten und einem öffentlichen Gut –, dass eine <a href="Ressourcenallokation" title="Ressourcenallokation">Allokation</a> dieser Güter genau dann <a href="Pareto-Effizienz" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareto-Effizienz">Pareto-effizient</a> ist, wenn die <a href="Grenzrate_der_Transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenzrate der Transformation">Grenzrate der Transformation</a> zwischen den beiden Gütern gerade der Summe der haushaltsspezifischen <a href="Grenzrate_der_Substitution" title="Grenzrate der Substitution">Grenzraten der Substitution</a> zwischen den Gütern entspricht.
</p><p>Der Name der Bedingung geht auf den amerikanischen Ökonomen <a href="Paul_Samuelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> zurück, der sie erstmals 1954 in einem Artikel im <i><a href="The_Review_of_Economics_and_Statistics" title="The Review of Economics and Statistics">The Review of Economics and Statistics</a></i> formulierte.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intuition">Intuition</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Grenzrate_der_Substitution" title="Grenzrate der Substitution">Grenzrate der Substitution</a> gibt an, auf wie viele Einheiten des privaten Gutes eine Person verzichtet, wenn sie dafür eine Einheit des öffentlichen Gutes erhält, es handelt sich also um eine (Grenz-)Zahlungsbereitschaft. Die <a href="Grenzrate_der_Transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenzrate der Transformation">Grenzrate der Transformation</a> entspricht den Grenzkosten des öffentlichen Gutes in Einheiten des privaten Gutes.
</p><p>Deshalb besagt die Bedingung, dass bei <a href="Pareto-Effizienz" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareto-Effizienz">Pareto-Effizienz</a> die Summe der <a href="Zahlungsbereitschaft_(Volkswirtschaft)" title="Zahlungsbereitschaft (Volkswirtschaft)">Zahlungsbereitschaften</a> mit den Grenzkosten übereinstimmt. Bei privaten Gütern stimmt hingegen jede einzelne Zahlungsbereitschaft mit den Grenzkosten überein. Der Unterschied erklärt sich daher, dass die Bereitstellung des öffentlichen Gutes mehreren Personen zugutekommt, die Bereitstellung eines privaten Gutes aber nur einer Person.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formaler_Rahmen_(Samuelson-Modell)_und_Herleitung"><span id="Formaler_Rahmen_.28Samuelson-Modell.29_und_Herleitung"></span>Formaler Rahmen (Samuelson-Modell) und Herleitung</h2></div>
<p>Betrachtet sei eine Ökonomie mit zwei produzierten Gütern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=a,b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=a,b}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b837037899d7a6e4c072980899cca535cb73853.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.571ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=a,b}" loading="lazy"></span> und zwei Haushalten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=1,2}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=1,2}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/608b3c5e448c465889913a88a105e38e7316fba7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.26ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=1,2}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es sei nun <i>a</i> ein privates (rivalisierendes) Konsumgut (zum Beispiel ein Fahrrad) und <i>b</i> ein (nicht-rivalisierendes) öffentliches Gut (zum Beispiel die Landesverteidigung). Die insgesamt vorhandene Menge der beiden Güter betrage <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{a}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{a}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37f085cdc5d87bcae5f2e1901fa9d7cec7184ebe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.026ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{b}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{b}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74afa71691dcb8a89cc85209b2234096e1bab9c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.862ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{b}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Sei weiter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{k}^{i}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/266dcb0a50569b963cc38aead600be8e355cacc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.418ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{k}^{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Menge von <i>k</i>, die der Haushalt <i>i</i> konsumiert. Für <i>a</i> gilt nun gemäß der Definition eines privaten Gutes, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{a}^{1}+x_{a}^{2}=X_{a}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{a}^{1}+x_{a}^{2}=X_{a}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a21360b76eeafadf27c4fb1979c57a4f6178c7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.828ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{a}^{1}+x_{a}^{2}=X_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span>, und für <i>b</i> nach Definition eines öffentlichen Gutes, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{b}^{1}=x_{b}^{2}=X_{b}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{b}^{1}=x_{b}^{2}=X_{b}}</annotation>
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</p><p>Die beiden Haushalte verfügen jeweils über eine <a href="Stetige_Funktion" title="Stetige Funktion">stetige</a> und <a href="Konkave_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkave Funktion">konkave</a> (ordinale) <a href="Nutzenfunktion_(Mikro%C3%B6konomie)" title="Nutzenfunktion (Mikroökonomie)">Nutzenfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u^{i}(x_{a}^{i},x_{b}^{i})=u^{i}(x_{a}^{i},X_{b})}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u^{i}(x_{a}^{i},x_{b}^{i})=u^{i}(x_{a}^{i},X_{b})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b74d04336ca7a14543e048fd25d029327e4c2bc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.036ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u^{i}(x_{a}^{i},x_{b}^{i})=u^{i}(x_{a}^{i},X_{b})}" loading="lazy"></span>, die strikt positiv sei. Sei weiter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=T(X_{a},X_{b})}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=T(X_{a},X_{b})}</annotation>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T:\mathbb {R} ^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T/\partial X_{k}&gt;0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fb865ae6699aec369c43ce622c64637ab8440b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.709ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T/\partial X_{k}>0}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <i>k</i> und es gelte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=0}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c6a5b6d0370b358a8d5f3df6d17eeca08d3629b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.897ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auf einer so definierten Transformationskurve liegen alle technologisch effizienten Produktionspläne – Ineffizienzen bei der Güterproduktion sind also ausgeschlossen.
</p><p>Der Ansatz von Samuelson besteht darauf aufbauend darin, aus der Menge der auf der Transformationskurve liegenden Allokationen jene Allokationen zu finden, durch die der Nutzen von Haushalt 1 maximiert wird, gegeben ein gewisses Nutzenniveau von Haushalt 2. Da die Haushalte symmetrisch sind, entspricht dies gerade der Bedingung für die Pareto-Optimalität einer Allokation. Das Maximierungsproblem lautet entsprechend
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \quad \max u^{1}(x_{a}^{1},X_{b})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \quad \max u^{1}(x_{a}^{1},X_{b})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/423196a65926b238969e3196f274e98246997925.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.556ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \quad \max u^{1}(x_{a}^{1},X_{b})}" loading="lazy"></span> unter den Nebenbedingungen</dd></dl>
<p>[1] <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \quad u^{2}(x_{a}^{2},X_{b})={\overline {u}}^{2}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \quad u^{2}(x_{a}^{2},X_{b})={\overline {u}}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47d279e27be83a7fc211ff554a89ef5f06a64350.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.441ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \quad u^{2}(x_{a}^{2},X_{b})={\overline {u}}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,
</p><p>[2] <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \quad T(X_{a},X_{b})=0}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \quad T(X_{a},X_{b})=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f55e4dc800440fd1a42de8f0fa173e33d48db609.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.951ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \quad T(X_{a},X_{b})=0}" loading="lazy"></span>,
</p><p>[3] <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \quad x_{a}^{1}+x_{a}^{2}=X_{a}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b104d156ec9617b58201348b1becefab0e089799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.151ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \quad x_{a}^{1}+x_{a}^{2}=X_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> und
</p><p>[4] <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \quad x_{b}^{1}=x_{b}^{2}=X_{b}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \quad x_{b}^{1}=x_{b}^{2}=X_{b}}</annotation>
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</p><p>was zur Lagrange-Funktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(X_{a},X_{b},x_{a}^{1},x_{a}^{2};\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})=u^{1}(x_{a}^{1},X_{b})+\lambda _{1}\left[{\overline {u}}^{2}-u^{2}(x_{a}^{2},X_{b})\right]+\lambda _{2}T(X_{a},X_{b})+\lambda _{3}\left[X_{a}-x_{a}^{1}-x_{a}^{2}\right]}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(X_{a},X_{b},x_{a}^{1},x_{a}^{2};\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})=u^{1}(x_{a}^{1},X_{b})+\lambda _{1}\left[{\overline {u}}^{2}-u^{2}(x_{a}^{2},X_{b})\right]+\lambda _{2}T(X_{a},X_{b})+\lambda _{3}\left[X_{a}-x_{a}^{1}-x_{a}^{2}\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdc7df5ded8e238aee89e7e7b6bd07e76b80a484.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:101.671ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(X_{a},X_{b},x_{a}^{1},x_{a}^{2};\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})=u^{1}(x_{a}^{1},X_{b})+\lambda _{1}\left[{\overline {u}}^{2}-u^{2}(x_{a}^{2},X_{b})\right]+\lambda _{2}T(X_{a},X_{b})+\lambda _{3}\left[X_{a}-x_{a}^{1}-x_{a}^{2}\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>führt. Aus den korrespondierenden Optimalitätsbedingungen folgt das wichtige Resultat
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \underbrace {\frac {\partial u^{1}\left(x_{a}^{1},X_{b}\right)/\partial X_{b}}{\partial u^{1}\left(x_{a}^{1},X_{b}\right)/\partial x_{a}^{1}}} _{\equiv GRS_{1}(b,a)}\;+\;\underbrace {\frac {\partial u^{2}\left(x_{a}^{2},X_{b}\right)/\partial X_{b}}{\partial u^{2}\left(x_{a}^{2},X_{b}\right)/\partial x_{a}^{2}}} _{\equiv GRS_{2}(b,a)}\;=\;\underbrace {\frac {\partial T(X_{a},X_{b})/\partial X_{b}}{\partial T(X_{a},X_{b})/\partial X_{a}}} _{\equiv GRT(b,a)}\quad \mathrm {\textrm {(Samuelson-Bedingung)}} .}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtext>(Samuelson-Bedingung)</mtext>
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \underbrace {\frac {\partial u^{1}\left(x_{a}^{1},X_{b}\right)/\partial X_{b}}{\partial u^{1}\left(x_{a}^{1},X_{b}\right)/\partial x_{a}^{1}}} _{\equiv GRS_{1}(b,a)}\;+\;\underbrace {\frac {\partial u^{2}\left(x_{a}^{2},X_{b}\right)/\partial X_{b}}{\partial u^{2}\left(x_{a}^{2},X_{b}\right)/\partial x_{a}^{2}}} _{\equiv GRS_{2}(b,a)}\;=\;\underbrace {\frac {\partial T(X_{a},X_{b})/\partial X_{b}}{\partial T(X_{a},X_{b})/\partial X_{a}}} _{\equiv GRT(b,a)}\quad \mathrm {\textrm {(Samuelson-Bedingung)}} .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af19bf276538da007ff17c84557cb63dbf00f315.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.005ex; width:91.879ex; height:11.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \underbrace {\frac {\partial u^{1}\left(x_{a}^{1},X_{b}\right)/\partial X_{b}}{\partial u^{1}\left(x_{a}^{1},X_{b}\right)/\partial x_{a}^{1}}} _{\equiv GRS_{1}(b,a)}\;+\;\underbrace {\frac {\partial u^{2}\left(x_{a}^{2},X_{b}\right)/\partial X_{b}}{\partial u^{2}\left(x_{a}^{2},X_{b}\right)/\partial x_{a}^{2}}} _{\equiv GRS_{2}(b,a)}\;=\;\underbrace {\frac {\partial T(X_{a},X_{b})/\partial X_{b}}{\partial T(X_{a},X_{b})/\partial X_{a}}} _{\equiv GRT(b,a)}\quad \mathrm {\textrm {(Samuelson-Bedingung)}} .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Effizienzbedingung für einen sozialen Planer lautet also, dass die Summe der haushaltsspezifischen <a href="Grenzrate_der_Substitution" title="Grenzrate der Substitution">Grenzraten der Substitution</a> (GRS) – mit anderen Worten: die Summe der individuellen marginalen Zahlungsbereitschaften – der Grenzrate der Transformation (GRT) entsprechen muss. Dies ist eben die <b>Samuelson-Bedingung.</b> Berücksichtigt man die Bedeutung der GRS und der GRT, lässt sich vereinfacht sagen, dass eine Pareto-optimale Allokation gerade so beschaffen sein muss, dass die Summe der Mengen des privaten Gutes, die die Konsumenten für eine zusätzliche Einheit des öffentlichen Gutes aufzugeben bereit wären, gleich der Menge des privaten Gutes sein muss, die tatsächlich benötigt wird, um diese zusätzliche Einheit zu produzieren.
</p><p>Erweitert man das Modell um weitere Haushalte, ändert sich an dem Ergebnis prinzipiell nichts, es ist dann eben für <i>n</i> Haushalte
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle GRT=\sum _{i}^{n}GRS_{i}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle GRT=\sum _{i}^{n}GRS_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d2fdc954fce222e6eed2d005784a57e2230533d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:17.883ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle GRT=\sum _{i}^{n}GRS_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wohingegen für private Güter wie üblich die Effizienzbedingungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle GRT=GRS_{1}=GRS_{2}=\dotsc =GRS_{n}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle GRT=GRS_{1}=GRS_{2}=\dotsc =GRS_{n}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d81b76bdcc600b268f7d56d1177c220c7a4fadad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:38.718ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle GRT=GRS_{1}=GRS_{2}=\dotsc =GRS_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gelten. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass die kompetitive Marktlösung zu einer ineffizient geringen Bereitstellung des öffentlichen Gutes führt, dass also mithin die Summe der individuellen GRS größer als die GRT ist (Unterfinanzierung).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Andreu Mas-Colell, Michael Whinston und Jerry Green: <i>Microeconomic Theory.</i> Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-195-07340-1.</li>
<li>Michael Pickhardt: <i>Fifty Years after Samuelson’s “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure”: What are we Left With?</i> In: <i>Journal of the History of Economic Thought.</i> 28, Nr. 4, 2006, S. 439–460, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S105383720000941X">10.1017/S105383720000941X</a></span>.</li>
<li>Agnar Sandmo: <i>Public Goods.</i> In: Steven N. Durlauf und Lawrence E. Blume (Hrsg.): <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics.</i> 2. Aufl. Palgrave Macmillan, Internet <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000245&amp;edition=current#sec1">http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000245&amp;edition=current#sec1</a> (Online-Ausgabe).</li>
<li>Paul Samuelson: <i>The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure.</i> In: <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics.</i> 36, Nr. 4, 1954, S. 387–389 (<a href="JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1925895">1925895</a>).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuelson 1954, S. 387 f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. Pickhardt 2006, S. 440.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuelson formulierte 1954 das Problem allgemein für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> private und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m+1-n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m+1-n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2cc7edf3703de4a88f6e67083c7e470dba0afd8a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.278ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m+1-n}" loading="lazy"></span> öffentlich Güter. Nachfolgend wird analog zu Samuelson 1955 nur der Spezialfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=m=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=m=1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd469697e1893c049e1f06846869e0da69aa9fd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.794ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=m=1}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet; die Ergebnisse lassen sich aber übertragen. Für das hiesige Beispiel vgl. vor allem auch Sandmo 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diese Gleichung definiert eine <a href="Transformationskurve" title="Transformationskurve">Transformationskurve</a>: Ein Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{a}^{*},X_{b}^{*})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>b</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{a}^{*},X_{b}^{*})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c54fd1aa496be4ac46f270e35b9ea4515cb8e75f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.945ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{a}^{*},X_{b}^{*})}" loading="lazy"></span> liegt auf einer solchen genau dann (und nur dann), wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T(X_{a}^{*},X_{b}^{*})=0}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>X</mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T(X_{a}^{*},X_{b}^{*})=0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66153c86723040d98e0cda7d56af20235a632bde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.843ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T(X_{a}^{*},X_{b}^{*})=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe zum Beispiel Mas-Colell/Whinston/Green 1995, S. 361–363.</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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